SOURCE LIBRARY · Imported evidence summary · Clinical review pending

References

Every graded claim on this site maps to the sources below. Numbered entries are primary trials and syntheses; claims without a numbered citation on their page are synthesized in the umbrella review, entry 29. Citations follow journal convention; confirm exact pagination against the publisher record before formal reuse.

1. Bhatt DL, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia (REDUCE-IT). N Engl J Med. 2019;380:11-22.
2. Nicholls SJ, et al. Effect of high-dose omega-3 fatty acids vs corn oil on major adverse cardiovascular events in patients at high cardiovascular risk (STRENGTH). JAMA. 2020;324:2268-2280.
3. Manson JE, et al. Marine n-3 fatty acids and prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer (VITAL). N Engl J Med. 2019;380:23-32.
4. ASCEND Study Collaborative Group. Effects of n-3 fatty acid supplements in diabetes mellitus (ASCEND). N Engl J Med. 2018;379:1540-1550.
5. ORIGIN Trial Investigators. n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with dysglycemia (ORIGIN). N Engl J Med. 2012;367:309-318.
6. Rauch B, et al. OMEGA, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2010;122:2152-2159.
7. GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1999;354:447-455.
8. Yokoyama M, et al. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS). Lancet. 2007;369:1090-1098.
9. Kalstad AA, et al. Effects of n-3 fatty acid supplements in elderly patients after myocardial infarction (OMEMI). Circulation. 2021;143:528-539.
10. Miyauchi K, et al. Randomized trial for evaluation in secondary prevention efficacy of combination therapy - statin and eicosapentaenoic acid (RESPECT-EPA). Circulation. 2024.
11. Risk and Prevention Study Collaborative Group. n-3 fatty acids in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1800-1808.
12. Abdelhamid AS, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020.
13. Middleton P, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018.
14. Liao Y, et al. Efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs in depression: a meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9:190.
15. Gioxari A, et al. Intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition. 2018;45:114-124.
16. Hahn J, et al. Vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease (VITAL ancillary). BMJ. 2022;376:e066452.
17. Bloch MH, Qawasmi A. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with ADHD symptomatology: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50:991-1000.
18. Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) Research Group. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration. JAMA. 2013;309:2005-2015.
19. Brown TJ, et al. Omega-3, omega-6, and total dietary polyunsaturated fat for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019;366:l4697.
20. Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) Study Research Group. n-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of dry eye disease. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1681-1690.
21. Gencer B, et al. Effect of long-term marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the risk of atrial fibrillation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2021;144:1981-1990.
22. Quinn JF, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 2010;304:1903-1911.
23. Arellanes IC, et al. Brain delivery of supplemental docosahexaenoic acid: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. EBioMedicine. 2020.
24. Ramsden CE, et al. Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine. BMJ. 2021;374:n1448.
25. Jerneren F, et al. Brain atrophy in cognitively impaired elderly: the importance of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and B vitamin status. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102:215-221.
26. Sanyal AJ, et al. No significant effects of ethyl-eicosapentanoic acid on histologic features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (EPE-A). Gastroenterology. 2014;147:377-384.
27. Albert BB, et al. Fish oil supplements in New Zealand are highly oxidised and do not meet label content of n-3 PUFA. Sci Rep. 2015;5:7928.
28. Harris WS, von Schacky C. The Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease? Prev Med. 2004;39:212-220.
29. Griscom PV. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Are Not One Intervention: A Moderator-Matrix Review. 2026. Literature searched through July 2026. Umbrella source for this guide; claims without a numbered primary citation are synthesized there.